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In firm hands

China controls the entire supply chain for batteries

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This is how it looks with nickel, lithium, manganese, and cobalt ...

As previously mentioned, 74 percent of lithium comes from Australia and Chile. Nonetheless, companies like Tianqi Lithium from China and Albemarle from the USA hold the largest shares in global production. Europe is known to have virtually no lithium stakes abroad. Its own shares are negligible and are currently limited to the Barroso lithium project in Portugal, which accounts for only 0.4 percent of production. For nickel, even though 30 percent of global nickel production takes place in Indonesia, the share of Indonesian companies in extraction is less than five percent. Chinese companies, such as Tsingshan, secure 86 percent of the remaining production in Indonesia. Combined with domestic production, China thus has the largest control (32 percent) over nickel production. The most influential regions after China are Europe, the Philippines, and Russia, which together control just over 40 percent of global nickel production.

When it comes to cobalt, only five percent of the mines are controlled by local companies, even though 68 percent of global production takes place in the DR Congo. China (47 percent) and Europe (47 percent) dominate production there. Cobalt players include Cmoc, Glencore, and the Eurasian Resources Group (ERG). Apart from Chinese and European control, the Philippines, Russia, and Cuba are influential (12 percent). Regarding manganese, Australia expands its influence to a total of 25 percent through acquiring over 50 percent of South African mining rights via companies South 32 and Jupiter Mines. South Africa ranks second with 20 percent, followed by Europe, which holds a total share of 16 percent of global manganese production. These shares extend across mines in Australia, Gabon, and Ukraine, which have been acquired by Anglo American, Eramet, and ERG, as it concludes.

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